Year (yr) - Unit Information & Conversion

Quick Answer

A year (yr) is the time Earth takes to complete one full orbit around the Sun, approximately 365.24 days (tropical year). In the modern Gregorian calendar:

• Common year = 365 days (occurs 3 out of 4 years)
• Leap year = 366 days (occurs every 4 years, with exceptions)
• Julian year (scientific standard) = exactly 365.25 days = 8,766 hours = 52.18 weeks = 12 months

Years are the fundamental unit for age measurement (how old you are), historical dating (what year an event occurred), financial cycles (fiscal year, annual reports, APR), academic calendars (school year, graduation year), seasonal tracking (agricultural cycles), and life planning (5-year plans, decade goals).

Leap year rule (Gregorian): Year divisible by 4 = leap year, EXCEPT century years (1700, 1800, 1900) unless divisible by 400 (1600, 2000, 2400).

---

Quick Comparison: Year vs. Other Time Units

Unit	Duration	Typical Uses	Key Difference from Year
Month	28-31 days (avg 30.44)	Calendar organization, billing cycles, medium-term planning	1/12th of year; variable length (28-31 days)
Quarter	3 months (~91 days)	Business reporting, financial quarters, seasonal planning	1/4th of year; exactly 3 months for fiscal reporting
Year	365/366 days (avg 365.24)	Age, historical dating, annual cycles, fiscal reporting	Complete seasonal cycle; Earth's full solar orbit
Decade	10 years (~3,652 days)	Long-term trends, generational changes, historical periods	10 times longer; marks significant life/societal changes
Century	100 years (~36,525 days)	Historical epochs, long-term planning, civilizational change	100 times longer; tracks major historical eras

---

Definition

A year is a unit of time based on the orbital period of Earth around the Sun. The word "year" derives from Old English gēar, Proto-Germanic jǣram, related to "to go" (referring to the Sun's apparent journey through the sky).

Types of Years

Tropical year (solar year):

• 365.2422 days (365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46 seconds)
• Time between successive vernal equinoxes (spring returns)
• Basis for Gregorian calendar (tracks seasons accurately)

Julian year (scientific standard):

• Exactly 365.25 days = 31,557,600 seconds
• Used in astronomy, physics for consistent conversions
• Averages Julian calendar leap year cycle (3 × 365 + 1 × 366 ÷ 4)

Sidereal year:

• 365.2564 days (365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 10 seconds)
• Time for Earth to complete one orbit relative to fixed stars
• ~20 minutes longer than tropical year due to precession of equinoxes

Calendar year (Gregorian):

• 365 days (common year, 3 out of 4 years)
• 366 days (leap year, every 4 years with exceptions)
• Average: 365.2425 days (97 leap years per 400 years)

Year Conversions (Julian Year = 365.25 days)

Unit	Value	Calculation
Days	365.25	Standard definition
Hours	8,766	365.25 × 24
Minutes	525,960	8,766 × 60
Seconds	31,557,600	525,960 × 60
Weeks	52.18	365.25 ÷ 7
Months	12	Standard calendar division

---

History of the Year

1. Ancient Solar Observation (Pre-3000 BCE)

The concept of the year originated from observing seasonal cycles—the return of spring, flooding seasons, astronomical events (solstices, equinoxes).

Key observations:

• Vernal equinox (spring): Day and night equal length (~March 20)
• Summer solstice: Longest day (~June 21)
• Autumnal equinox (fall): Day and night equal (~September 22)
• Winter solstice: Shortest day (~December 21)
• Tropical year: Time between successive vernal equinoxes = 365.24 days

Why critical? Agricultural societies needed to predict:

• Planting seasons (spring planting window)
• Flooding cycles (Nile River flooded annually June-September)
• Harvest times (fall harvest before winter)
• Animal migration patterns

2. Early Calendar Systems (3000-1000 BCE)

Egyptian Calendar (c. 3000 BCE):

• 365 days = 12 months × 30 days + 5 epagomenal days
• No leap years = drifted ~1 day every 4 years = full cycle every 1,460 years (Sothic cycle)
• Divided into 3 seasons: Inundation (Akhet), Growth (Peret), Harvest (Shemu)
• Problem: Calendar drifted from actual seasons (harvest festivals gradually moved through calendar)

Babylonian Calendar (c. 2000 BCE):

• Lunisolar: 12 lunar months (~354 days) + intercalary 13th month every 2-3 years
• Metonic cycle (discovered ~432 BCE): 19 solar years ≈ 235 lunar months (7 intercalary months in 19 years)
• Better seasonal alignment than pure lunar or 365-day solar calendar

Chinese Calendar (c. 1600 BCE):

• Lunisolar: 12-13 months per year, intercalary months added algorithmically
• Still used today for Chinese New Year (late January to mid-February)

Mesoamerican Calendars (c. 1000 BCE):

• Haab (Maya civil calendar): 365 days = 18 months × 20 days + 5 unlucky days (Wayeb)
• Tzolk'in (ritual calendar): 260 days = 13 numbers × 20 day names
• Calendar Round: 52 Haab years = 73 Tzolk'in cycles (18,980 days)

3. Roman Calendar Evolution (753 BCE - 46 BCE)

Romulus Calendar (753 BCE - legendary):

• 10 months, 304 days, starting in March (spring equinox)
• Winter gap (~61 days) unnamed = calendar chaos

Numa Pompilius Reform (c. 713 BCE):

• Added January and February = 12 months, 355 days
• Required intercalary month (Mercedonius) inserted periodically = political corruption
• Calendar drifted severely (festivals months off from intended seasons)

Problem by 46 BCE: Calendar drifted ~3 months ahead of seasons (spring equinox in mid-summer)

4. Julian Calendar (46 BCE - 1582 CE)

Julius Caesar's reform (46 BCE):

• Consulted Egyptian astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria
• 365.25-day year: 365 days + leap day every 4 years (February 29)
• 46 BCE = "Year of Confusion" (445 days long) to realign calendar with seasons
• January 1 established as New Year (previously March 1)

Julian leap year rule:

• Every year divisible by 4 = leap year (e.g., 4, 8, 12, ... 2020, 2024)
• Simple, systematic = dramatic improvement over irregular Roman intercalation

Problem with Julian calendar:

• Tropical year = 365.2422 days (not exactly 365.25)
• Julian calendar gains ~11 minutes per year = 3 days every 400 years
• By 1582 CE: Calendar drifted 10 days ahead (vernal equinox on March 11 instead of March 21)

5. Gregorian Calendar (1582 CE - Present)

Pope Gregory XIII's reform (1582):

• Goal: Restore vernal equinox to March 21 (for Easter calculation)
• Correction: Removed 10 days (October 4, 1582 → October 15, 1582)
• New leap year rule:
  1. Year divisible by 4 = leap year (like Julian)
  2. EXCEPT century years (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100) = NOT leap year
  3. EXCEPT century years divisible by 400 (1600, 2000, 2400) = leap year
• Result: 97 leap years per 400 years = 365.2425 days average
• Accuracy: Only 27 seconds/year error = 1 day off every ~3,030 years

Why the reform?

• Easter calculation: Christian Easter tied to vernal equinox (first Sunday after first full moon after March 21)
• Julian drift moved equinox to March 11 = Easter dates increasingly inaccurate
• Catholic Church needed calendar reform for liturgical calendar

Global adoption:

• Catholic countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Poland): Immediately (October 1582)
• Protestant countries: Resisted initially (religious conflict with Catholic Pope)
  • Britain and colonies: 1752 (removed 11 days: Sept 2 → Sept 14)
  • Germany (Protestant states): 1700 (removed 10 days)
• Eastern Orthodox: 1900s (Russia 1918, Greece 1923)
• Non-Christian countries: 20th century for civil purposes
  • Japan: 1873 (Meiji era modernization)
  • China: 1912 (Republic of China)
  • Turkey: 1926 (Atatürk's secular reforms)
• Now universal for international business, diplomacy, science

6. Modern Refinements and Proposals

Leap second (introduced 1972):

• Earth's rotation gradually slowing (tidal friction from Moon)
• Atomic clocks (SI second) vs. Earth's rotation = gradual drift
• Leap second occasionally added (usually June 30 or December 31) to keep atomic time within 0.9 seconds of Earth rotation
• 27 leap seconds added 1972-2016 (~1 per 1.5 years average)

Failed calendar reform proposals:

• World Calendar (1930s-1960s): 4 identical quarters, perpetual calendar (same dates always same day of week), extra "worldsday" outside week
• International Fixed Calendar (early 1900s): 13 months × 28 days + 1 extra day (year day)
• Opposition: Religious groups (Sabbath observance), businesses (calendar change costs), cultural inertia

Why Gregorian calendar persists despite imperfections:

• Universal adoption = massive switching cost
• "Good enough": 1-day error every 3,030 years = negligible for practical purposes
• Cultural entrenchment: Decades, centuries, millennia aligned with current system

---

Real-World Examples: Where You Encounter Years Daily

1. Age Measurement

Years are the universal standard for age:

• Human age: "I'm 30 years old" = 30 complete orbits around the Sun since birth
• Birthdays: Annual celebration on birth date (same month/day each year, different day of week)
• Age milestones:
  • 18 years: Legal adulthood (US), voting age
  • 21 years: Drinking age (US)
  • 25 years: Car rental age, brain fully developed
  • 65 years: Traditional retirement age (US Social Security)
  • 100 years: Centenarian (increasingly common with rising life expectancy)
• Life expectancy: US average ~78 years (2023), varies by country (Japan ~84, Monaco ~89)
• Generational labels: Baby Boomers (1946-1964), Gen X (1965-1980), Millennials (1981-1996), Gen Z (1997-2012)

Why years for age (not days or months)?

• Tracks seasonal cycles experienced (full cycle of weather, holidays, astronomical events)
• Convenient scale (not too small like days, not too large like decades for most human lifespans)

2. Historical Dating and Time Periods

• Anno Domini (AD) / Common Era (CE): Years since approximate birth of Jesus Christ (year 1 CE/AD)
  • No year 0 (1 BCE → 1 CE directly)
  • 2025 CE = 2,025 years since epoch
• Before Christ (BC) / Before Common Era (BCE): Years counting backward
  • Julius Caesar assassinated: 44 BCE (2,069 years ago from 2025)
• Historical epochs: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Classical Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, Information Age
• Decades: 1920s (Roaring Twenties), 1960s (counterculture), 1990s (dot-com boom), 2020s (current decade)
• Centuries: 18th century (1701-1800), 19th century (1801-1900), 20th century (1901-2000), 21st century (2001-2100)
• Millennia: 1st millennium (1-1000 CE), 2nd millennium (1001-2000), 3rd millennium (2001-3000)

3. Financial and Economic Cycles

Annual reporting:

• Fiscal year: 12-month accounting period for financial reporting
  • US federal government: Oct 1 - Sep 30 (fiscal year 2025 = Oct 2024-Sep 2025)
  • US corporations: Often matches calendar year (Jan-Dec) or varies by industry
  • UK government: Apr 1 - Mar 31
  • Japan/India: Apr 1 - Mar 31
• Annual reports: Publicly traded companies must file annual 10-K reports (comprehensive financial statements)
• Annual revenue: "Company earned $10 billion in 2024" = fiscal year revenue
• Year-over-year (YoY) growth: Comparing metric to same period previous year (Q4 2024 vs. Q4 2023)

Interest rates:

• APR (Annual Percentage Rate): Interest rate expressed as yearly rate
  • Credit card: 18% APR = 1.5% per month (18% ÷ 12)
  • Mortgage: 6% APR = 0.5% per month
• APY (Annual Percentage Yield): Interest with compounding
  • Savings account: 4% APY = effective annual return including compound interest
• Investment returns: "Stock returned 15% last year" = annual return

Tax year:

• US tax year: Calendar year (Jan 1 - Dec 31), taxes due April 15 following year
• Tax brackets: Annual income thresholds (e.g., 22% bracket = $44,726-$95,375 for single filers 2024)

4. Academic and Education Cycles

School year:

• US K-12: Typically August/September - May/June (~180 days = 36 weeks)
• University academic year: Fall semester (Aug-Dec) + Spring semester (Jan-May) = 30-32 weeks
• Grade levels: Kindergarten, 1st grade, 2nd grade, ... 12th grade (senior year)
• Graduation year: "Class of 2024" = graduated in spring/summer 2024
• Academic calendar: Quarters (3 months), Semesters (4-5 months), Trimesters (3 terms)

Educational milestones:

• High school graduation: ~age 18 (12 years of schooling)
• Bachelor's degree: 4 years (undergraduate)
• Master's degree: 1-2 years (graduate)
• Doctoral degree (PhD): 4-7 years (advanced research)

5. Anniversaries and Celebrations

Wedding anniversaries:

• 1 year: Paper anniversary
• 5 years: Wood anniversary
• 10 years: Tin/Aluminum anniversary
• 25 years: Silver anniversary
• 50 years: Golden anniversary
• 75 years: Diamond anniversary

Work anniversaries:

• "10-year work anniversary" = 10 years at same company
• Tenure milestones: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25+ years (often recognized with awards, bonuses)

National/cultural holidays:

• Independence Day (US): July 4, 1776 → July 4, 2025 = 249 years
• Bastille Day (France): July 14, 1789 → 236 years
• New Year's Day: January 1 (Gregorian calendar year turnover)

6. Seasonal and Agricultural Cycles

Growing seasons:

• Annual crops: Planted and harvested within one year (wheat, corn, soybeans, vegetables)
• Perennial crops: Grow year after year (fruit trees, grapevines, asparagus)
• Crop rotation: 2-4 year cycles (corn → soybeans → wheat → fallow)

Weather patterns:

• Four seasons: Spring (Mar-May), Summer (Jun-Aug), Fall/Autumn (Sep-Nov), Winter (Dec-Feb)
• Tropical seasons: Dry season vs. Wet/Rainy season (monsoons)
• Hurricane season: June 1 - November 30 (Atlantic)
• El Niño/La Niña: 2-7 year oceanic-atmospheric cycles affecting global weather

Astronomical events:

• Solstices: Summer (longest day ~June 21), Winter (shortest day ~December 21)
• Equinoxes: Vernal/Spring (equal day/night ~March 20), Autumnal/Fall (~September 22)
• Meteor showers: Perseids (August), Geminids (December) - annual recurring events

7. Life Planning and Milestones

Short-term planning:

• Annual goals: "New Year's resolutions" (fitness, career, relationships)
• One-year plans: "Get promoted within 1 year", "Save $10,000 this year"

Medium-term planning:

• 5-year plans: Career trajectory, financial goals, family planning
• Decade goals: "By age 40" (10 years away), "In my 30s" (decade of life)

Long-term planning:

• Retirement planning: "Retire in 30 years at age 65"
• Mortgage: 15-year or 30-year mortgage terms
• College savings: 18-year horizon (child birth to college enrollment)
• Life insurance: 20-year or 30-year term life policies

Life stages:

• Childhood: 0-12 years
• Adolescence: 13-19 years (teenage years)
• Young adulthood: 20-35 years
• Middle age: 35-65 years
• Senior/Elderly: 65+ years

---

Common Uses and Applications

1. Age Calculation

Formula: Current year - Birth year = Age (approximate, adjust if birthday hasn't occurred yet)

Example 1: Born 1990, current year 2025

• Age = 2025 - 1990 = 35 years old (if birthday already passed)
• Age = 34 years old (if birthday hasn't occurred yet this year)

Precise age calculation:

• Born: March 15, 1990
• Today: January 10, 2025
• Age = 2025 - 1990 - 1 = 34 years old (birthday hasn't passed yet, subtract 1)

Century calculation:

• Born 1999: "90s kid" or "90s baby"
• Born 2000-2009: "2000s kid"
• Born 2010+: "2010s kid" or Gen Alpha

2. Interest and Investment Calculations

Simple interest (annual):

• Formula: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time
• Example: $10,000 at 5% APR for 3 years
  • Interest = $10,000 × 0.05 × 3 = $1,500
  • Total = $10,000 + $1,500 = $11,500

Compound interest (annual compounding):

• Formula: Future Value = Principal × (1 + Rate)^Years
• Example: $10,000 at 5% APY for 3 years
  • FV = $10,000 × (1.05)³ = $10,000 × 1.157625 = $11,576.25

Rule of 72 (doubling time):

• Formula: Years to double ≈ 72 ÷ Interest Rate
• Example: 8% annual return → 72 ÷ 8 = 9 years to double
• $10,000 at 8% → $20,000 in 9 years

3. Depreciation (Asset Value Decline)

Straight-line depreciation:

• Formula: Annual Depreciation = (Cost - Salvage Value) ÷ Useful Life Years
• Example: $30,000 car, $5,000 salvage, 5-year life
  • Annual depreciation = ($30,000 - $5,000) ÷ 5 = $5,000/year
  • Year 1: $30,000 - $5,000 = $25,000
  • Year 2: $25,000 - $5,000 = $20,000

Accelerated depreciation:

• Cars typically lose 20-30% value first year, then 15-20% annually
• Electronics: Often lose 30-50% value first year

4. Project and Timeline Planning

Standard project durations:

• 1-year project: Long-term strategic initiative
• Multi-year projects: Infrastructure (3-10 years), construction (2-5 years), software development (1-3 years)

Gantt charts and timelines:

• Years as major milestones
• Year 1: Planning and design
• Year 2: Development and construction
• Year 3: Testing and deployment
• Year 4: Operations and maintenance

5. Insurance and Contracts

Insurance terms:

• Term life insurance: 10-year, 20-year, 30-year terms
  • Premiums locked for term duration
  • Coverage expires at end of term unless renewed
• Auto insurance: 6-month or 1-year policies (renewed annually/semi-annually)
• Health insurance: 1-year open enrollment period (select plan for following year)

Employment contracts:

• 1-year contract: Fixed-term employment (common for contractors, academics)
• Multi-year contracts: Athletes (3-5 year contracts), executives (2-4 years)
• Non-compete clauses: Often 1-2 years after leaving company

Leases:

• Apartment leases: 1-year standard (12 months)
• Commercial leases: 3-10 years typical
• Car leases: 2-4 years (24-48 months)

6. Statistical and Data Analysis

Time series data:

• Annual data points: GDP growth rate (year-over-year), population (annual census estimates)
• Trend analysis: "5-year moving average" smooths short-term fluctuations

Year-over-year (YoY) comparisons:

• Formula: YoY Growth = (This Year - Last Year) ÷ Last Year × 100%
• Example: Revenue $10M (2023) → $12M (2024)
  • YoY growth = ($12M - $10M) ÷ $10M × 100% = 20% YoY growth

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR):

• Formula: CAGR = (Ending Value ÷ Beginning Value)^(1/Years) - 1
• Example: Revenue $10M (2020) → $15M (2025) = 5 years
  • CAGR = ($15M ÷ $10M)^(1/5) - 1 = 1.5^0.2 - 1 = 0.0845 = 8.45% CAGR

7. Warranty and Guarantee Periods

Product warranties:

• Electronics: 1-year manufacturer warranty (e.g., Apple 1-year limited warranty)
• Appliances: 1-2 years parts and labor
• Cars: 3-year/36,000-mile bumper-to-bumper, 5-year/60,000-mile powertrain
• Home construction: 1-year builder warranty (workmanship), 10-year structural

Service guarantees:

• Software licenses: 1-year subscription (renewable)
• Extended warranties: 2-5 years beyond manufacturer warranty

---

Conversion Guide

Years to Days

Formula (Gregorian average):

• Formula: days = years × 365.25 (Julian year)
• Example: 5 years = 5 × 365.25 = 1,826.25 days

Gregorian calendar (more precise):

• Common year = 365 days
• Leap year = 366 days
• 400-year cycle = (303 × 365) + (97 × 366) = 146,097 days
• Average = 146,097 ÷ 400 = 365.2425 days/year

Years to Weeks

Formula (Julian year):

• Formula: weeks = years × 52.18 (365.25 ÷ 7)
• Example: 2 years = 2 × 52.18 = 104.36 weeks

Years to Hours

Formula (Julian year):

• Formula: hours = years × 8,766 (365.25 × 24)
• Example: 1 year = 1 × 8,766 = 8,766 hours

Years to Months

Formula:

• Formula: months = years × 12
• Example: 3 years = 3 × 12 = 36 months

Years to Decades, Centuries, Millennia

Formulas:

• Decades = years ÷ 10 (1 decade = 10 years)
• Centuries = years ÷ 100 (1 century = 100 years)
• Millennia = years ÷ 1,000 (1 millennium = 1,000 years)

Examples:

• 50 years = 5 decades
• 250 years = 2.5 centuries
• 5,000 years = 5 millennia

Quick Reference Conversion Table

Years	Days (avg)	Weeks (avg)	Months	Hours (avg)
1	365.25	52.18	12	8,766
2	730.5	104.36	24	17,532
5	1,826.25	260.89	60	43,830
10	3,652.5	521.79	120	87,660
20	7,305	1,043.57	240	175,320
25	9,131.25	1,304.46	300	219,150
30	10,957.5	1,565.36	360	262,980
50	18,262.5	2,608.93	600	438,300
100	36,525	5,217.86	1,200	876,600

---

Common Conversion Mistakes

1. Assuming 1 Year = 365 Days Exactly (Forgetting Leap Years)

The mistake:

• Using 365 days for all year calculations
• Ignoring leap year impact over multi-year periods

Real-world impact:

• 10-year calculation: 10 × 365 = 3,650 days (WRONG)
• Actual: 10 years ≈ 3,652.5 days (2-3 leap years in decade)
• Financial calculations: Loan amortization, investment returns slightly off

Correct approach: Use 365.25 days (Julian year) or 365.2425 days (Gregorian average) for multi-year conversions.

2. Age Calculation Without Birthday Adjustment

The mistake:

• Current year - Birth year = Age (without checking if birthday has passed)

Example:

• Born: December 15, 1990
• Today: January 10, 2025
• WRONG: 2025 - 1990 = 35 years old
• CORRECT: 34 years old (birthday hasn't occurred yet in 2025)

Correct approach: Subtract 1 year if current date < birthday this year.

3. Century and Decade Boundaries

The mistake:

• Thinking 20th century = 1900s (WRONG: 20th century = 1901-2000)
• Thinking 2000 started 21st century (WRONG: 21st century started 2001)

Why confusing?

• No year 0 in Gregorian calendar (1 BCE → 1 CE)
• 1st century = years 1-100 (not 0-99)
• 20th century = years 1901-2000 (not 1900-1999)
• 21st century = years 2001-2100 (not 2000-2099)

Correct understanding: Century N = years (N-1)×100 + 1 to N×100

• 20th century: (20-1)×100 + 1 = 1901 to 20×100 = 2000
• 21st century: (21-1)×100 + 1 = 2001 to 21×100 = 2100

4. Leap Year Rule Misunderstanding

Common mistakes:

• "Every 4 years is a leap year" (INCOMPLETE: century years have exception)
• Thinking 1900 was a leap year (WRONG: not divisible by 400)
• Thinking 2100 will be a leap year (WRONG: not divisible by 400)

Correct Gregorian leap year rule:

1. Year divisible by 4 → leap year
2. UNLESS year divisible by 100 → NOT leap year
3. UNLESS year divisible by 400 → leap year

Examples:

• 2024: Divisible by 4 → Leap year ✓
• 1900: Divisible by 100, NOT by 400 → NOT leap year ✗
• 2000: Divisible by 400 → Leap year ✓
• 2100: Divisible by 100, NOT by 400 → NOT leap year ✗

5. Year-Over-Year (YoY) vs. Year-to-Date (YTD) Confusion

The mistake:

• Confusing YoY (comparing to same period last year) with YTD (January to current date this year)

Definitions:

• YoY (Year-Over-Year): Compare period to same period previous year
  • Example: Q3 2024 revenue vs. Q3 2023 revenue
• YTD (Year-to-Date): January 1 to current date this year
  • Example: January 1, 2025 - October 31, 2025 (10 months)

Example:

• Today: October 15, 2025
• YTD revenue: Jan 1, 2025 - Oct 15, 2025 total revenue ($50M)
• YoY comparison: Jan 1, 2025 - Oct 15, 2025 revenue ($50M) vs. Jan 1, 2024 - Oct 15, 2024 revenue ($45M) = 11% YoY growth

6. Fiscal Year vs. Calendar Year

The mistake:

• Assuming all "years" refer to calendar year (January-December)
• Not clarifying which "year" when discussing finances

Fiscal year examples:

• US federal government: FY2025 = October 1, 2024 - September 30, 2025
• Apple Inc.: FY ends late September (FY2024 = Oct 2023-Sep 2024)
• Walmart: FY ends January 31 (FY2025 = Feb 2024-Jan 2025)

Impact: "2024 revenue" ambiguous—calendar year 2024 or fiscal year 2024?

Correct approach: Always clarify: "Calendar year 2024" or "Fiscal year 2024 (Oct 2023-Sep 2024)"

---